The osteoinductive potential of different root-filling materials in a rat femur model.

In pediatric dentistry, the enduring success of root-end filling materials employed for the establishment of apical plugs in immature teeth undergoing endodontic intervention is contingent upon their possessing a robust osteoinductive capacity. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to histologically assess the osteoinductive potential of four distinct dental materials, specifically recommended for retrograde filling applications, utilizing an animal hard tissue model. Within the designed experimental model, two bone defects measuring 2 mm in diameter and 2 mm in depth were created in both femurs of a cohort comprising 21 male Wistar albino rats. The first defect in the right femur was left blank as the control group, and Neo MTA Plus was placed in the second defect. The EndoSequence BCRRM Fast Set Putty was placed in the first of the defects on the left femur, and Endo Repair was placed in the second defect. Subjects were sacrificed after 7, 14, and 28 days of follow-up, and sections were examined to assess the degree of inflammation, connective tissue formation, and new bone formation. The data were statistically evaluated with Kruskal‒Wallis and post hoc Dunn's tests using SPSS 12 software. The bone healing levels of the Neo MTA Plus group were significantly higher than those of the other groups in all periods (p < 0.05). Bone organization in all groups decreased over time, and fibrous tissue was enriched. The results of this study demonstrate that NeoMta Plus has superior osteoinductive properties compared to other materials but that EndoSequence and Endo Repair have the potential to be developed.

Effect of whitening concepts on surface roughness and optical characteristics of resin-based composites: An AFM study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of various whitening agents on the surface roughness and optical characteristics of different types of resin composite restorations. Fifty specimens were prepared for each resin [G-aenial Posterior (GP), SonicFill-2 (SF), Solidex (SDX), and Nova Compo HF (NC)]. Following baseline color and surface roughness (Ra) measurements, the specimens were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10/group) according to whitening concepts: control (distilled water), in-office bleaching [OB-(Opalescence Boost)], at-home bleaching [HB-(Opalescence PF)], whitening toothpaste [WT-(Signal White Now)], and whitening mouthwash [WM-(Listerine Advanced White)]. ∆E00 , ∆TP00 , and ∆WID values were calculated before and after the whitening procedure with a spectrophotometer using the CIEDE2000 formula. Surface roughness measurements were repeated. The surface topography was determined using atomic force microscopy. Two- and three-way analyses of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test were performed, with p < 0.05 regarded as indicative of significance. No significant differences were detected among the resin composite materials in terms of the ΔE00 values (p > 0.05). Color change of all resin materials was above the AT threshold (>1.8) and the PT threshold (>0.8). All restorative materials presented acceptable (AT<2.62) TP00 values. Solidex specimens demonstrated the lowest WID values compared to the other composites. There were significant differences among the whitening procedures with respect to ΔE00 , ΔTP00 , and WID values (p < 0.001). SF/WT combination showed the highest and clinically unacceptable ΔE00 values. The highest roughness values were observed in the SDX specimens and the combination of SDX/OB. The effect of whitening agents on the optical characteristics and surface roughness of restorative materials depends on the type of material, agent, and time. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Clinicians should be aware that long-term use of over-the-counter products due to the abrasive effects of their ingredients and repeated bleaching session applications may affect the color stability and surface roughness of resin composites.

Does repeated autoclave sterilization cause changes in the color and fragility of fiberglass reinforced resin crowns?

BACKGROUND: Since the effects of sterilization on the Fiberglass Reinforced Resin Crowns (FRRCs) is not well-known the aim of current study was to evaluate the effects of autoclave sterilization on the fracture resistance, color stability, and surface composition of FRRCs. METHODS: A total of 48 crowns were used. The crowns were divided into three groups according to the sterilization number: no sterilization (Control Group), one sterilization (Group 1), and four sterilizations (Group 2). The microstructure of the three crowns from each group was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Thirteen FRRCs from each group were first used for color stability testing and then for the fracture resistance analysis. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way repeated measures ANOVA, and paired t-tests were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: EDX results revealed that the weight% of surface silicon atoms in group 2 was significantly higher. Some crack lines could be observed on the SEM images. Statistically significant differences were found in color stability following the first and fourth sterilization cycles (p < .01). The increase in the sterilization cycle did not statistically decrease the fracture resistance of the FRRCs (p = .055); however, overall, a decreasing trend was observed in fracture resistance as the sterilization cycle increased. CONCLUSIONS: Autoclave sterilization caused some changes in the surface elemental composition and surface morphology of FRRCs. Avoiding unnecessary FRRC trials is important to reduce the number of sterilizations.

Effect of topical fluoride applications on residual monomer release from resin-based restorative materials.

BACKGROUND: The effects of topical fluoride applications on the release of monomer ingredients from resin-based dental materials by immersion in various extraction solutions are unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of topical fluorides (APF and NaF) on the elution of residual monomers (Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, UDMA, and HEMA) from resin-based materials. METHODS: Ninety specimens were prepared, 30 bulk-fill composite resin, 30 nanohybrid universal composite resin, and 30 polyacid-modified composite resin (compomer). These were randomly divided into three groups based on fluoride application procedures. Each specimen was kept in 75% ethanol solution, and residual monomers released from materials were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after 10 min, 1 h, 24 h, and 30 days. The groups were compared using the Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests. Measurements were analyzed using the Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. RESULTS: Fluoride applications generally had no considerable effect on the amount of residual monomer released from resin-based restorative materials. The amount of monomer release after topical APF application was similar to the release in the control group and was lower than the release in the NaF group. The release of monomers from the resin-based material used in the study did not approach toxic levels at the applied time intervals. The compomer released lower amounts of monomer than other resin-based materials. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoride applications do not increase monomer release from resin-based restorative materials. However, compomers should be employed by clinicians due to their lower monomer release compared to other resin restorative materials. The release of monomers from all the resin-based materials did not approach toxic levels at the applied time intervals.

Evaluation of the quality of YouTube™ videos about pit and fissure sealant applications.

AIM: To evaluate the content and quality of YouTube™ï¸ videos about pit and fissure sealant application. METHODS: The keywords "fissure sealant" and "pit and fissure sealant" were used to search for YouTube™ï¸ content, after the first 300 video results were evaluated. Considering the exclusion criteria, a final sample of 110 videos was obtained, which were analysed in terms of the number of views, duration in minutes, the number of subscribers, the total number of "likes" and "dislikes," the number of comments, days elapsed since upload, the interaction index, and the viewing rate. Global Quality Scoring (GQS) index was also used as a second evaluation method and videos were classified according to the quality of information that it contained as follows: good, moderate, and poor. RESULTS: Most of the videos were uploaded by dentists/specialists. Among them, 14 videos had good quality, 63 were of moderate quality, and 33 were poor informative. The good-quality videos had statistically significantly higher interaction index and viewing rates, and the majority of the videos had a GQS-2 score. The viewing rate was positively correlated with duration and the number of views, "likes" and "dislikes," comments, and subscribers. CONCLUSION: There is considerable variability in the scientific accuracy and quality of health information on the Internet. While there are videos that provide sufficient health information, there are also videos that contain insufficient or even incorrect information. Dental care professionals should be aware of misinformation found on YouTube™ï¸ and ensure that patients always have access to accurate and reliable information.

Does childhood chemotherapy affect mandibular bone structures in a lifetime?

BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy, one of the most important treatment modalities for treating childhood cancers, is a major cause of bone loss in patients and survivors. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate mandibular bone structures in childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) by means of fractal dimension (FD) analysis and the Klemetti index (KI), and to compare them with regard to the control group. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, the panoramic radiographs of 49 CCSs were included as the study group and the panoramic radiographs of 49 cancer-free volunteers were included as the control group. Based on the panoramic radiographs, FD and KI were determined. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between the study and control groups in terms of mean FD values for regions of interest (ROIs) ROI_1, ROI_2 and ROI_3 (p = 0.750, p = 0.490 and p = 0.910, respectively). The mean FD values for ROI_1 for the study and control groups were 1.08 ±0.18 and 1.07 ±0.14, respectively. The mean FD values for ROI_2 for the study and control groups were 1.11 ±0.13 and 1.09 ±0.13, respectively. The mean FD values for ROI_3 for the study and control groups were 1.15 ±0.14 and 1.15 ±0.15, respectively. Statistically significant differences between the study and control groups were noted only in the distribution of the KI categories (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Childhood chemotherapy may affect mandibular bone structures during a lifetime. The Klemetti index should be considered a useful clinical diagnostic tool for the examination of mandibular bone structures.

Satisfaction and stress levels of dentistry students relating to distance education.

BACKGROUND: It is not known whether the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected dentistry education. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the satisfaction and stress levels of dentistry students in Turkey regarding distance education during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to evaluate their opinions on this matter. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional research study was conducted from October to November 2020 with the use of a web-based questionnaire consisting of 3 sections. The 1st section focused on demographic data. The 2nd section evaluated dentistry students' opinions regarding distance education during the pandemic; it comprised 8 multiple-choice questions and 1 open-ended question. The 3rd section referred to the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), which is intended to assess the stress levels. The data was subjected to the descriptive statistical analysis, the χ2 tests and the logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 919 dentistry students, reflecting a response rate of 84%. Of the total sample, 81.6% of the participants were studying at state universities and more than half were female. These students' perceived stress levels were significantly increased due to the following factors: education at a state school; insufficient technical opportunities at home/dormitory facilities; decreased support from the academic staff of the universities during distance education; and a low level of knowledge of online document usage (p < 0.05). The evaluation of the responses to the open-ended question indicated that the difficulties encountered by highly stressed students during distance education were mostly adaptationrelated (p = 0.011). The logistic regression analysis showed that gender was significantly associated with high stress levels (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The data showed that dentistry students preferred hybrid education and were unsatisfied with their experience with distance education.

Microbiota of Endodontically Infected Primary and Permanent Teeth.

Purpose: Differences in the endodontic microbiome of permanent and primary teeth during the mixed dentition period are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine bacterial diversity in endodontically infected primary and permanent teeth using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the QIIME 2 (Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology 2) bioinformatics pipeline. Methods: Microbial samples from endodontically infected primary (n equals 15) and permanent (n equals 15) maxillary or mandibular molar teeth were subjected to next-generation sequencing analysis based on examination of the hypervariable V3 to V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Statistical analysis was performed using R software. Results: Of 1,664,926 reads and 2,237 operational taxonomic units, 14 phyla, 89 families, and 236 genera were identified. Firmicutes were the most commonly detected phyla in both endodontically infected primary and permanent root canals. Bacteroides and Proteobacteria were more common in primary teeth, whereas Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia were more common in permanent teeth. The overall canal microbiota composition was similar in endodontically infected primary and permanent teeth (P=0.338). Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive assessment of microbiota composition in endodontically infected primary and permanent teeth and gives a deeper insight into the origin of the root canal infections.

The Effects of Mouthwashes on the Color Stability of Resin-Based Restorative Materials / Efecto de los enjuagues orales en la estabilidad del color de materiales restauradores a base de resina

Abstract: Objective: This study investigated the effects of three types of mouthwash on the color stability of three resin-based restorative materials (nanohybrid resin composite, sonic-activated bulk-fill material, and compomer). Materials and Methods: To this end, 120 cylindrical disc specimens were prepared and polished, after which they were incubated in distilled water for 24 hours for post-polymerization. The baseline color values of each specimen were measured with a spectrophotometer, then the specimens were randomly divided into four groups. Following immersion in the mouthwashes for 24 hours, the specimens were rinsed with distilled water and dried before the color measurement was repeated. The values of color change (ΔE₀₀) were subsequently calculated. A two-way analysis of variance and Duncan's post hoc multiple comparison tests were conducted to determine statistically significant differences among the restorative materials. Results: All samples showed discoloration after immersion, albeit some instances of discoloration were imperceptible. In this respect, a statistically significant difference was found among the restorative materials and mouthwashes (p<0.05). Imperceptible ΔE₀₀ values were derived on the nanohybrid resin composite and compomer, but perceptible and acceptable ΔE₀₀ values were detected on the sonic-activated bulk-fill materials (p<0.05). The clinically unacceptable discoloration was observed on the sonic-activated bulk-fill composite immersed in Listerine®. Conclusions: Clinicians should make recommendations based on the potential staining capacity of mouthwashes prescribed for daily use in restorative materials. In this way, the need for renewal of restorations due to discoloration could be avoided.

Resumen: Objetivo: Este estudio investigó los efectos de tres tipos de enjuague bucal en la estabilidad del color de tres materiales de restauración a base de resina (resina nanohíbrida, resina bulk-fill de activación sónica y compómero). Materiales y Métodos: Para ello se prepararon y pulieron 120 muestras de discos cilíndricos, después de lo cual se incubaron en agua destilada durante 24 horas pospolimerización. Los valores de color de base de cada muestra se midieron con un espectrofotómetro, después las muestras se dividieron aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos. Tras la inmersión en los enjuagues bucales durante 24 horas, los especímenes se enjuagaron con agua destilada y se secaron antes de repetir la medición del color. Posteriormente se calcularon los valores de cambio de color (ΔE₀₀). Se llevó a cabo un análisis bidireccional de la varianza y las pruebas de comparación múltiple post hoc de Duncan para determinar las diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los materiales de restauración. Resultados: Todas las muestras mostraron decoloración después de la inmersión, aunque algunos casos esta fue imperceptible. Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los materiales de restauración y los enjuagues bucales (p<0,05). Se obtuvieron valores imperceptibles de ΔE₀₀ en el compuesto de resina nanohíbrida y el compómero, pero se detectaron valores perceptibles y aceptables de ΔE₀₀ en la resina bulk-fill activada sónicamente (p<0,05). Se observó una decoloración clínicamente inaceptable en la resina bulk-fill activada sónicamente inmersa en Listerine®. Conclusiones: Los clínicos deben hacer recomendaciones basadas en la capacidad potencial de coloración de los enjuagues bucales prescritos para uso diario en los materiales de restauración. De esta manera, se podría evitar la necesidad de renovar las restauraciones debido a la decoloración.

The effect of sonic activation of irrigant on postoperative pain after root canal treatment in primary molar teeth: a randomized, clinical study.

PURPOSE: Postoperative pain following root canal treatment is a concern for pediatric patients and pediatric dentists. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of using sonic activation (SA) on postoperative pain levels after root canal therapy of primary molars. METHODS: A total of 110 patients aged 5-9 years with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis involving primary molars were included in the study and were randomly divided into two groups according to agitation methods: SA and no sonic activation (NSA). Root canal treatments were completed, and the teeth were restored permanently. Postoperative pain levels were evaluated using the five-face scale at 8, 24, 48, and 72 h and 1 week after treatment. Pain levels and frequency of analgesic intake were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: Postoperative pain values were lower in the SA group than in the NSA group at 8, 24, and 48 h after treatment (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of postoperative pain values at 72 h and 1 week after treatment (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It was determined that the use of SA reduces postoperative pain level significantly after root canal treatment in primary molar teeth. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of SA can be recommended to clinicians since it is effective in the successful management of postoperative pain of root canal treatment in primary molar teeth. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04197531.

The effect of two different irrigation needles on post-operative pain after pulpectomy in primary molar teeth: A randomized clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Post-operative pain (PP) following pulpectomy is of concern for endodontic patients and dentists. AIM: This study evaluated the intensity of PP following pulpectomy in primary maxillary molars, using two irrigation needles. DESIGN: One hundred patients in ages ranging from 6-9 years requiring pulpectomy for asymptomatic primary teeth with non-vital pulp were included in the study. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups of 50 patients each, according to the type of irrigation needle used, that is, a conventional open-ended needle and a double side-vented needle. The teeth were obturated and then permanently restored. The presence of PP was assessed after six, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours, and finally after one week, using a four-point pain intensity scale. The PP scores were then statistically analysed. RESULTS: In 6, 12, and 24 hours time intervals, patients who had their teeth irrigated with the open-ended needle exhibited more intense PP than those who had their teeth irrigated with a double side-vented needle (P < .05). After 48 hours, 72 hours, and 1 week, however there was no significant difference between the groups (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Side-vented needles may be preferred in order to decrease PP at the first 24 hours after pulpectomy in primary molars.

Knowledge of Parents about Bruxism in their Children / Conocimiento de los padres sobre el bruxismo en sus hijos

ABSTRACT Objective: Bruxism is a jaw muscle activity disorder characterized by clenching or grinding of the teeth and can be seen in both children and adults. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the parental knowledge about bruxism in children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 265 parents whose children were attended at University of Mersin pediatric dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery clinics. Children's ages varied from 6 months to 16 years old. A 20-questioned questionnaire was used to collect the data. IBM SPSS Statistics 22 for statistical analysis (SPSS IBM, Turkey) program was used for the analysis. Results: A total of 265 parents (159 were female and 106 were male) participated in the study. The majority of the parents were between the ages of 31-40 (60.8%). The rate of clenching and grinding of teeth during sleep (21.5%) was higher than the rate when they were awake (7.2%). The ratio of the parents seeking treatment for their children because of this harmful habit was very low (3.8%). The majortiy of parents (37.7%) reported that they seek help from dentists. The participants believed that bruxism was associated with dental problems (33.6%) and emotional factors (32.8%). A significant difference was found between the educational background of the parents and the ability to define bruxism. Conclusion: Parents had inadequate knowledge about bruxism in children and this was mostly related to the educational background of the parents.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El bruxismo es un trastorno de la actividad muscular de la mandíbula que se caracteriza por apretar o rechinar los dientes y se pueden ver tanto en niños como en adultos. El propósito de este estudio es evaluar el conocimiento de los padres sobre el bruxismo en sus niños. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal con 265 padres cuyos hijos fueron atendidos en las clínicas de Odontología Pediátrica y Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial de la Universidad de Mersin. Las edades de los niños variaron de 6 meses a 16 años. Se utilizó un cuestionario de 20 preguntas para recopilar los datos. Para el análisis estadístico de los datos se utilizó el programa IBM SPSS Statistics 22 (SPSS IBM, Turquía). Resultados: Un total de 265 padres (159 mujeres y 106 hombres) participaron en el estudio. La mayoría de los padres tenían entre 31 y 40 años (60.8%). La tasa de niños que apretan y rechinan los dientes durante el sueño (21.5%) fue mayor que la tasa de los que lo hacen cuando están despiertos (7,2%). La proporción de padres que buscan tratamiento para sus hijos debido a este hábito dañino fue muy baja (3.8%). La mayoría de los padres (37.7%) informaron que buscan ayuda de los dentistas. Los participantes creían que el bruxismo estaba asociado con problemas dentales (33,6%) y factores emocionales (32,8%). Se encontró una diferencia significativa entre la formación académica de los padres y la capacidad de definir bruxismo. Conclusión: Los padres tenían un conocimiento inadecuado sobre el bruxismo en niños y esto estaba relacionado principalmente con la formación educativa de los padres.

Postoperative Pain After Root Canal Preparation with Hand and Rotary Files in Primary Molar Teeth.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intensity and duration of postoperative pain after root canal preparation of primary maxillary molar teeth using two preparation techniques. METHODS: A total of 110 patients requiring pulpectomy for asymptomatic primary molar teeth with non-vital pulps were included in the study. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups of 55 patients each, according to the canal preparation method used. In Group one, teeth were prepared up to size 35 with hand files. In Group two, teeth were prepared up to size 35 with Revo-S rotary instruments. Following canal preparation, teeth were obturated with zinc-oxide eugenol paste and then permanently restored. The presence of postoperative pain was assessed after six, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours and after one week, using a four-point pain-intensity scale. RESULTS: Except for those assessed after 72 hours and one week, patients who had their teeth prepared with hand files reported more intense postoperative pain than those who had their teeth prepared with Revo-S rotary files (P<0.05). In both groups, postoperative pain decreased over time. CONCLUSIONS: Hand files caused more postoperative pain after pulpectomy in primary maxillary molar teeth compared to the rotary system.

Presence and distribution of dental enamel defects, recurrent aphthous lesions and dental caries in children with celiac disease.

OBJECTIVE: To determine presence and distribution of enamel defects, recurrent oral aphthous lesions (RAS) and dental caries in children with Celiac Disease (CD) and compare the results with a healthy control group. METHODS: Twenty- five CD patients age between 4- 16 years with no other systemic disease, were examined in Pediatric Gastroenterology Clinic of Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine (Kayseri, Turkey) and then referred to Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry for dental examination and treatment. The control group (25 patients) consisted healthy patients referred to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University for restorative treatment. Both the CD group and control group was examined by the same investigator for the following; (1) enamel defects, (2) recurrent aphthous stomatitis, (3) dental caries. RESULTS: The mean dmft values for the CD group and control group were 3.25±3.25 and 4.56±2.87 respectively. The difference was not statistically significant.(P>0.05). The mean DMFT values for the CD and the control group were 3.75±2.62 and 1.83±1.7, respectively. There was a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.01). The prevalence of enamel defects and recurrent apthous stomatitis (RAS) was greater in celiac patients than in the control group. Enamel defects (in at least one permanent tooth) were observed in 12 out of 25 (48%) children in the CD group and four out of 25 children (16%).(P =0.01). Recurrent apthous stomatitis was found in 11/25 (44%) CD group, while no RAS was detected in the control group. CONCLUSION: Celiac Disease (CD) has adverse effects on oral health in term of enamel defect, recurrent aphthous stomatitis and caries score. Pediatricians and dentists especially pediatric dentists should be knowledgeable about oral symptoms of CD. Increased awareness can provide an early diagnosis and prevent long- term complications of this disease. On the other hand, further comprehensive investigations of CD patients can add to our understanding of the efficacy of CD on oral health in children.

Pulp chamber temperature increase from curing light units: an in vitro study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare temperature rises in the pulp chamber induced by halogen, plasma arc, and conventional light-emitting diode (LED) curing units with that induced via a new generation LED-curing unit (VALO) in extra power mode. METHODS: A Class I cavity was prepared on the occlusal surface of 80 extracted caries- free mandibular third molars, which were filled with a microhybrid composite. A thermocouple wire was inserted into the pulp chamber of each tooth to measure temperature changes. RESULTS: The greatest temperature increases were observed during polymerization of composite resin with a halogen curing unit (3.2 degrees Celsius), followed by plasma arc curing (2.07 degrees Celsius) and VALO curing (1.44 degrees Celsius); the lowest temperature rise was with conventional LED curing (1.01 degrees Celsius). CONCLUSION: There were no statistically significant differences between conventional LED and VALO curing in extra power mode regarding pulp chamber temperature increases when polymerizing composite resin.

In vitro bond strength and fatigue stress test evaluation of different adhesive cements used for fixed space maintainer cementation.

OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this research were to (1) compare the shear-peel bond strength (SPBS) of a band of a fixed space maintainer (SM) cemented with five different adhesive cements; and (2) compare the survival time of bands of SM with each cement type after simulating mechanical fatigue stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-five teeth were used to assess retentive strength and another 50 teeth were used to assess the fatigue survival time. SPBS was determined with a universal testing machine. Fatigue testing was conducted in a ball mill device. RESULTS: The mean survival time of bands cemented with R & D series Nova Glass-LC (6.2 h), Transbond Plus (6.7 h), and R & D series Nova Resin (6.8 h) was significantly longer than for bands cemented with Ketac-Cem (5.4 h) and GC Equia (5.2 h) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Although traditional glass ionomer cement (GIC) cement presented higher retentive strength than resin-based cements (resin, resin modified GIC, and compomer cement), resin based cements, especially dual cure resin cement (nova resin cement) and compomer (Transbond Plus), can be expected to have lower failure rates for band cementation than GIC (Ketac-Cem) in the light of the results of the ball mill test.

Postoperative discomfort of dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: To find out postoperative discomfort in children undergoing dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia (DRGA). METHODS: This study involved 78 (4 to 10 year-old) healthy patients who were scheduled for DRGA and were needed extensive dental treatment because of severe caries, and showed high dental fear and/or behavioral management problems. The children had to be fit for DRGA administration by fulfilling the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II and no associated mental health or communication problems. Data were collected by structured interview either face to face (immediately post operation) or using a telephone (post operation after discharge). One of the study's investigators recorded all data related to the immediate postoperative period during the child's stay in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). The questionnaire consisted of questions related to postoperative problems experienced by the patient in the period after their day-stay attendance. The questionnaire, consisting of questions regarding and generally related to the child's activities. In addition, pain was assessed using the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability (FLACC) scale. RESULTS: The prevalence of postoperative problems was 46 out of 78 (59%). The mean FLACC score was 1.8 (SD=2.1). Some of the patients having more than one reported problem. Forty-one percent of the children showed nasal discomfort (P<0.01). Thirty-three percent and 43% of the children experienced throat or mouth discomfort. The most common experienced postoperative symptom after DRGA was bleeding. Nasal bleeding, however, was an uncommon complication and did not cause serious morbidity or mortality in children intubated nasotracheally. In addition, postoperative discomfort was related to number of the extractions. Children who had 4 or more extractions were more likely to experience pain. Findings associated with other bodily functions were assessed. Nausea and vomiting were reported in 20.5% of children. Twenty-six children (18%) had a fever. Thirty-nine (50.0%) parents reported that their children had problems eating. CONCLUSION: Post-operative discomfort was more with 4 or more extraction done under DRGA and that nasal bleeding was noted a uncommon post-operative symptom.

Dental age assessment for different climatic regions.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of several aspects of climate, such as temperature and altitude, on dental maturation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The total sample consisted of 944 panoramic radiographs (473 Turkish children from Central Anatolia [228 girls and 245 boys] and 471 Turkish children from Eastern Anatolia [222 girls and 249 boys]). The children aged between 7.0 and 14.9 years. The radiographs were randomly selected from 2 cities in Turkey, Kayseri and Erzurum. Independent t tests and paired t tests were performed to compare sex, location, and age to determine the relationships between tooth developments. RESULTS: The Central Anatolian children were approximately 0.2 to 3.0 years more advanced in dental maturity than the Eastern Anatolian subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The development standards proposed by Demirjian are affected by climatic factors. However, further research and detailed information to gather data are needed.